Adult Parent-Child Relationships in Complex Families: A Latent Class Analysis of Relationships to Stepparents and Biological Parents

Matthijs Kalmijn, University of Amsterdam
Ruben van Gaalen, University of Amsterdam
Kirsten van Houdt, University of Amsterdam

In the light of lengthening lifespans, understanding parent-child relations in adulthood has become increasingly important. At the same time, upward trends in divorce and remarriage have resulted in an increased diversity of parent-child relations. Previous studies compared relationships to stepparents and biological parents and tried to reveal how parent-child relationships are shaped by past family transitions, but focused solely on positive dimensions and studied these dimensions in isolation thereby disregarding the interdependent structure of the parent-child relationship. We argue that, this way, the interdependent structure of the parent-child relationship has been overlooked, which has only provided a scattered view on the differences between relationships with different parent types. The present study takes an integrated approach and considers four dimensions of parent-child relationships: affection, contact, exchange of support, and conflict. We use latent class analysis to reveal (1) whether the same class structure can be distinguished among biological parents and stepparents and, if so, (2) whether there are differences in the distribution over the classes of relationships. Furthermore, we consider how (timing of) childhood experiences, such as parental divorce and co-residence with a parent relates to different classes of relationships. In deriving our expectations, we start from the premise of remarriage as an ‘incomplete institution’ and argue that the absence of clear social guidelines for step relationships could translate in less obligatory and more reciprocal parent-child relationships. We analyze newly collected data (2017) from a large-scale survey on adult children and their (step)parents in the Netherlands (OKiN), which assesses childhood histories as well as current relationships to parents. Respondents (aged 25-45) who grew up with divorced or widowed parent, as well as stepparents were systematically oversampled using population registers, which allows us to capture the diversity in both biological parent-child and stepparent-stepchild relations.

Presented in Session 81: Intergenerational Relations